in Malaria: Parasite Biology, Pathogenesis, and Protection (ed. Evolutionary origin of human and primate malarias: evidence from the circumsporozoite protein gene. Circumsporozoite polymorphisms, silent mutations and the evolution of Plasmodium falciparum.
Very large long-term effective population size in the virulent human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Parasite populations: the puzzle of Plasmodium. Ancient polymorphism and the hypothesis of a recent bottleneck in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Recent origin of Plasmodium falciparum from a single progenitor. Malaria's Eve: evidence of a recent population bottleneck throughout the world populations of Plasmodium falciparum. Our estimated divergence time coincides approximately with the start of human population expansion 11, and is consistent with a genetically complex organism able to evade host immunity and other antimalarial efforts. On the basis of synonymous SNPs and non-coding SNPs, we estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor to be ∼100,000–180,000 years, significantly older than the proposed bottleneck. We have identified 403 polymorphic sites, including 238 SNPs and 165 microsatellites, from five parasite clones, establishing chromosome-wide haplotypes and a dense map with one polymorphic marker per ∼2.3 kilobases. To test the hypothesis, we analysed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 204 genes on chromosome 3 of P. Other studies, however, suggested an ancient origin and large effective population size 5, 7, 8, 9, 10. The hypothesis implies that the parasite population is relatively homogeneous, favouring malaria control measures. The Malaria's Eve hypothesis, proposing a severe recent population bottleneck (about 3,000–5,000 years ago) of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, has prompted a debate about the origin and evolution of the parasite 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
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